Our America,
Jose Marti
La Revista
Ilustrada. New
York, January 1, 1891
The conceited villager believes the entire world to be his
village. Provided that be can be mayor, humiliate the rival who stole his
sweetheart, or add to the savings in his strongbox, he considers the universal
order good, unaware of those giants with seven-league boots who can crush him
underfoot, or of the strife in the heavens between comets that go through the
air asleep, gulping down worlds. What remains of the village in America must
rouse itself. These are not the times for sleeping in a nightcap, but with
weapons for a pillow, like the warriors of Juan de Castellanos: weapons of the
mind, which conquer all others. Barricades of ideas are worth more than
barricades of stones.
There is no prow that can cut through a cloudbank of ideas. A
powerful idea, waved before the world at the proper time, can stop a squadron
of iron-clad ships, like the mystical flag of the Last judgment. Nations that
do not know one another should quickly become acquainted, as men who are to
fight a common enemy. Those who shake their fists, like jealous brothers
coveting the same tract of land, or like the modest cottager who envies the
esquire his mansion, should clasp hands and become one. Those who use the
authority of a criminal tradition to lop off the hands of their defeated
brother with a sword stained with his own blood ought to return the lands to
the brother already punished sufficiently, if do not want the people to call
them robbers. The honest man does not absolve himself of debts of honor with
money, at so much a slap. We can no longer be a people of leaves, living in the
air, our foliage heavy with blooms and crackling or humming at the whim of the
sun's caress, or buffeted and tossed by the storms. The trees must form ranks
to keep the giant with seven-league boots from passing! It is the time of
mobilization, of marching together, and we must go forward in close ranks, like
silver in the veins of the Andes.
Only those born prematurely are lacking in courage. Those
without faith in their country are seven-month weaklings. Because they have not
courage, they deny it to the others. Their puny arms-arms with bracelets and
hands with painted nails, arms of Paris or Madrid-can hardly reach the bottom
limb, and they claim the tall tree to be unclimbable. The ships should be
loaded with those harmful insects that gnaw at the bone of the country that
nourishes them. If they Parisians or from Madrid, let them go to the Prado, to
boast around, or to Tortoni´s , in high hats. Those carpenter's sons who
ashamed that their fathers are carpenters! Those born in America who are
ashamed of the mother that reared them, because she wears an Indian apron, and,
who disown their sick mothers, the scoundrels, abandoning her on her sickbed!
Then who is a real man? He who stays with his mother and nurses her in her
illness, or he who puts her to work out of sight, and lives at her expense on
decadent lands, sporting fancy neckties, cursing the womb that carried him,
displaying the sign of the traitor on the back of his paper frockcoat? These
sons of our America, which will be saved by its Indians in blood and is growing
better; these deserters who take up arms in the army of a North America that
drowns its Indians in blood and is growing worse! These delicate creatures who
are men but are unwilling to do men's work! The Washington who made this land
for them, did he not go to live with the English, at a time when he saw them
fighting against his own country. These unbelievable of honor who drag the
honor over foreign soil like their counterparts in the French Revolution with
their dancing, their affections, their drawling speech!
For in what
lands can men take more pride that in our long-suffering American republics,
raised up among the silent Indian masses by the bleeding arms of a hundred apostles,
to the sound of battle between the book and processional candle? Never in
history have such advanced and united nations been forged in so short a time
from such disorganized elements. The presumptuous man feels that the earth was
made to serve as his pedestal, because he happens to have a facile pen or colorful
speech, and he accuses his native land of being worthless and beyond redemption
because its virgin jungles fail to provide him with a constant means of
travelling over the world, driving Persian ponies and lavishing champagne like
a tycoon. The incapacity does not lie with the emerging country in quest of
suitable forms and utilitarian greatness; it lies rather with those who attempt
to rule nations of a unique and violent character by means of laws inherited
from four centuries of freedom in the United States and nineteen centuries of
monarchy in France. A decree by Hamilton does not halt the charge of the
plainsman's horse. A phrase by Sieyes does nothing to quicken the stagnant
blood of the Indian race. To govern well, one must see things as they are. And
the able governor in America is not the one who knows how to govern the Germans
or the French; he must know the elements that make up his own country, and how
to bring them together, using methods and institutions originating within the
country, to reach that desirable state where each man can attain
self-realization and all may enjoy the abundance that Nature has bestowed in
everyone in the nation to enrich with their toil and defend with their lives.
Government must originate in the country. The spirit of government must be that
of the country Its structure must conform to rules appropriate to the country.
Good government is nothing more than the balance of the country's natural
elements.
That is why
in America the imported book has been conquered by the natural man. Natural men
have conquered learned and artificial men. The native half-breed has conquered
the exotic Creole. The struggle is not between civilization and barbarity, but
between false erudition and Nature. The natural man is good, and he respects
and rewards superior intelligence as long as his humility is not turned against
him, or he is not offended by being disregarded-something the natural man never
forgives, prepared as he is to forcibly regain the respect of whoever has
wounded his pride or threatened his interests. It is by conforming with this
disdained native elements that the tyrants of America have climbed to power,
and have fallen as soon as they betrayed them. Republics have paid with
oppression for their inability to recognize the true elements of their
countries, to derive from them the right kind of government, and to govern
accordingly. In a new nation a government means a creator.
In nations
composed of both cultured and uncultured elements, the uncultured will govern
because it is their habit to attack and resolve doubts with their fists in
cases where the cultured have failed in the art of governing. The uncultured
masses are lazy and timid in the realm of intelligence, and they want to be
governed well. But if the government hurts them, they shake it off and govern
themselves. How the universities produce governors can if not a single
university in America teaches the rudiments of the art of government, the analysis
of elements peculiar to the peoples of America? The young go out into the world
wearing Yankee or French spectacles, hoping to govern a people they do not
know. In the political race entrance should not go for the best ode, but for
the best study of the political factors of one's country. Newspapers,
universities and schools should encourage the study of the country's pertinent
components. To know them is sufficient, without mincing words; for whoever
brushes aside even a part of the truth, whether through intention or oversight,
is doomed to fall. The truth is built without it. It is easy to resolve our
problem knowing its components than resolve them without knowing them. Along
comes the natural man, strong and indignant, and he topples all the justice
accumulated from books because he has not been governed in accordance with the
obvious needs of the country. Knowing is what counts. To know one's country and
govern it with that knowledge is the only way to free it from tyranny. The
European university must bow to the American university. The history of
America, from the Incas to the present, must be taught in clear detail and to
the letter, even if the archons of Greece are overlooked. Our Greece must take
priority over the Greece which is not ours. We need it more. Nationalist
statement must replace foreign statement. Let the world be grafted onto our
republics, but the trunk must be our own. And let the vanquished pedant hold
his tongue, for there are no lands in which a man may take greater pride than
in our long-suffering American republics.
With the
rosary as our guide, our heads white and our bodies mottled, both Indians and
Creoles, we fearlessly entered the world of nations. We set out to conquer
freedom under the banner of the virgin. A priest, a few lieutenants, and a
woman raised the Republic of Mexico onto the shoulders of the Indians. A few
heroic students, instructed in French liberty by a Spanish cleric, made Central
America rise in revolt against Spain under a Spanish general. In monarchic garb
emblazoned with the sun, the Venezuelans to the north and the Argentineans to
the south began building nations. When the heroes clashed and the continent was
about to rock, one of them, and not the lesser, handed the reins to the other.
And since heroism in times of peace is rare because it is not a glorious as in
times of war, it is easier to govern when feelings are exalted and united than
after a battle, when divisive, arrogant, exotic, or ambitious thinking emerges.
The forces routed in the epic struggle-with the feline cunning of the species,
and using the weight of realities-were undermining the new structure which
comprised both the rough-and-ready, unique regions of our half-breed America
and the silk-stockinged and frockcoated people of Paris beneath the flag of
freedom and reason borrowed from nations skilled in the arts of government. The
hierarchical constitution of the colonies resisted the democratic organization
of the republics. The cravatted capitals left their country boots in the vestibule.
The bookworm redeemers failed to realize that the revolution succeeded because
it came from the soul of the nation; they had to govern with that soul and not
without or against it. America began to suffer, and still suffers, from the
tiresome task of reconciling the hostile and discordant elements it inherited
from the despotic and perverse colonizer, and the imported methods and ideas
which have been retarding logical government because they are lacking in local
realities. Thrown out of gear for three centuries by a power which denied men
the right to use their reason, the continent disregarded or closed its ears to
the unlettered throngs that helped bring it to redemption, and embarked on a
government based on reason-a reason belonging to all for the common good, not
the university brand of reason over the peasant brand. The problem if
independence did not lie in a change of forms but in change of spirit.
It was
imperative to make common cause with the oppressed, in order to secure a new
system opposed to the ambitions and governing habits of the oppressors. The
tiger, frightened by gunfire, returns at night to his prey. He dies with his eyes
shooting flames and his claws unsheathed. He cannot be heard coming because he
approaches with velvet tread. When the prey awakens, the tiger is already upon
it. The colony lives on the republic, and our America is saving itself from its
enormous mistakes-the pride of its capital cities, the blind triumph of a
scorned peasantry, the excessive influx of foreign ideas and formulas, the
wicked and unpolitical disdain for the aboriginal race-because of the higher
virtue, enriched with necessary blood, or a republic struggling against a
colony. The tiger lurks again every tree, lying in wait at every turn. He will die
with his claws unsheathed and his eyes shooting flames.
But "these countries will be saved", as was
announced by the Argentinean Rivadavia, whose only sin was being a gentleman in
these rough-and-ready times. A man does not sheathe a machete in a silken
scabbard, nor can he lay aside the short lance merely because he is angered and
stands at the door of Iturbide´s Congress, "demanding that the fair-haired
one be named emperor". These countries will be saved because a genius for
moderation, found in the serene harmony of Nature, seems to prevail in the
continent of light, where there emerges a new real man schooled for these real
times in the critical philosophy of guesswork and phalanstery that saturated
the previous generation.
We were a
phenomenon with a chest of an athlete, the hands of a dandy, and the brain of a
child. We were a masquerader in English breeches, Parisian vest, North America
jacket, and Spanish cap. The Indian hovered near us in silence, and went off to
hills to baptize his children. The Negro was seeing pouring out the songs of
his heart at night, alone and unrecognized among the rivers and wild animals.
The peasant, the creator, turned in blind indignation against the disdainful
city, against his own child. As for us, we were nothing but epaulets and
professors´ gown in countries that came into the world wearing hemp sandals and
headbands. It would have been the mark of genius to couple the headband and the
professors´ gown with the founding fathers´ generosity and courage, to rescue
the Indian, to make a place for the competent Negro, to fit liberty to the body
of those who rebelled and conquered for it. We were left with the hearer, the
general, the scholar, and the sinecure. The angelic young, as if caught in the
tentacles of an octopus, lunged heavenward, only to fall back, crowned with
clouds in sterile glory. The native, driven by instinct, swept away the golden
staffs of office in blind triumph. Neither the Europeans nor the Yankee could
provide the key to the Spanish American riddle. Hate was attempted, and every
year the countries amounted to less. Exhausted by the senseless struggle
between the book and the lance, between reason and the processional candle,
between the city and the country, weary of the impossible rule by rival urban
cliques over the natural nation tempestuous or inert by turns, we being almost
unconsciously to try love. Nations stand up and greet one another. "What
are we?" is the mutual question, and little by little they furnish
answers. When a problem arises in Cojímar, they do not seek its solution in
Danzig. The frockcoat are still French, but thought begins to be American. The
youth of America are rolling up their sleeves, digging their hands in the
dough, and making it rise with the sweat of their brows. They realize that
there is too much imitation, and that creation holds the key to salvation.
"Create" is the password of this generation. The wine is made from
plantain, but even if it turns sour, it is our own wine! That a country's form
of government must be in keeping with its natural elements is a foregone
conclusion. Absolute ideas must take relative forms if they are not to fail
because of an error in form. Freedom, to be viable, has to be sincere and
complete. If a republic refuses to open its arms to all, and move ahead with
all, it dies. The tiger within sneaks in through the crack; so does the tiger
from without. The general holds back his cavalry to a pace that suits his
infantry, for if its infantry is left behind, the cavalry will be surrounded by
the enemy. Politics and strategy are one. Nations should live in an atmosphere
of self-criticism because it is healthy, but always with one heart and one
mind. Stoop to the unhappy, and lift them up in your arms! Thaw out frozen
America with the fire of your hearts! Make the natural blood of the nations´
course vigorously through their veins! The new American are on their feet,
saluting each other from nation to nation, the eyes of the laborers shining
with joy. The natural statesman arises, schooled in the direct study of Nature.
He reads to apply his knowledge, not to imitate. Economists study the problems
at their point of origin. Speakers begin a policy of moderation. Playwrights
bring native characters to the stage. Academies discuss practical subjects.
Poetry shears off its Zorrilla-like locks and hangs its red vest on the
glorious tree. Selective and sparkling prose is filled with ideas. In the
Indian republics, the governors are learning Indian.
American is
escaping all its dangers. Some of the republics are still beneath the sleeping
octopus, but others, under the law of averages, are draining their land with
sublime and furious haste, as if to make up for centuries lost. Still others,
forgetting that Juarez went about in a carriage drawn by mules, hitch their
carriages to the wind, their coachmen soap bubbles. Poisonous luxury, the enemy
of freedom, corrupts the frivolous and opens the door to the foreigner. In
others, where independence is threatened, an epic spirit heightens their
manhood. Still others spawn an army capable of devouring them in voracious
wars. But perhaps our America is running another risk that does not come from
itself but from the difference in origins, methods, and interests between the
two halves of the continent, and the time is near at hand when an enterprising
and vigorous people who scorn and ignore our America will even so approach it
and demand a close relationship. And since strong nations, self- made by law
and shotgun, love strong nations and them along; since the time since the time
of madness and ambition-from which North America may be freed by the
predominance of the purest elements in its blood, or on which it may be
launched by its vindictive and sordid masses, its tradition of expansion, or
the ambition of some powerful leader-is not so near at hand, even to the most
timorous eye, that there is no time for the test of discreet and unwavering
pride that could confront and dissuade it; since its good name as a republic in
the eyes of the world's perceptive nations puts upon North America a restrain
that cannot be taken away by childish provocations or pompous arrogance or
parricidal discords among our American nations-the pressing need of our America
is to show itself as it is, one in spirit and intent, swift conquerors of a
suffocating past, stained only by the enriching blood drawn from the scarfs
left upon us by our masters. The scorn of our formidable neighbor who does not
know us is our America's greatest danger. And since the day of the visit is
near, it is imperative that our neighbor know us, and soon, so that it will not
scorn us. Through ignorance it might even come the lay hands on us. Once it
does know us, it will remove its hands out of respect. One must have faith in
the best in men and distrust the worst. One must allow the best to be shown so
that it reveals and prevails over the worst. Nations should have a pillory for
whoever stirs up useless hate, and another for whoever fails to tell them the
truth in time.
There can be
no racial animosity, because there are no races. The theorist and feeble
thinkers string together and warm over the bookshelf races which the
well-disposed observer and the fair-minded traveler vainly seek in the justice
of Nature where man's universal identity springs forth from triumphant love and
the turbulent huger for life. The soul, equal and eternal, emanates from bodies
of different shapes and colors. Whoever foments and spreads antagonism and hate
between the races, sins against humanity. But as nations take shape among other
different nations, there is condensation of vital and individual
characteristics of thought habit, expansion and conquest, vanity and greed
which could-from the latent state of national concern, and in the period of
internal disorder, or the rapidity with which the country's character has been
accumulating-be turned into a serious threat for the weak and isolated neighboring
countries, declared by the strong country to be inferior and perishable. The
thought is father to the deed. And one must not attribute, through a provincial
antipathy, a fatal and inborn wickedness to the continents´ fair skinned nation
simply because it does not speak our language, nor see the world as we see it,
nor resemble us in its political defects, so different from ours, nor favorably
regard the excitable, dark-skinned people, or look charitably, from its still
uncertain eminence, upon those less favored by history, who climb the road of
republicanism by heroic stages. The self-evidence facts of the problem should
not be obscured, because the problem can be resolved, for peace of centuries to
come, by appropriate study, and by tacit and immediate union in the continental
spirit. With a single voice the hymn is already being sung; the present
generation is carrying industrious America along the road enriched by their
sublime fathers; from Rio Grande to the strains of Magellan, the Great Semi,
astride its condor, spread the seed of the new America over the romantic
nations of the continent and the sorrowful islands of the sea!
Answer the following questions
1. How can you describe José Marti´s language?
Answer the following questions
1. How can you describe José Marti´s language?
2. Why does José Marti
say that some Latin Americans blame their countries for not providing them with
constant means of traveling over the world? Whose fault was it?
3. What the able governor
of America should know?
4.What should
be taught in Latin American schools?
5.What does Martin say about
creation and relatives forms?
6.According to José
Marti, who is (Latin) America's greatest danger and why?
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